- September 21, 2026
- Posted by: Ahmer Akber
- Categories: Blog, Uncategorized
Cost of Studying in Canada for Pakistani Students 2026
For most Pakistani students, the first year in Canada in 2026 works out to roughly CAD 44,000 to 65,000 (about PKR 8.7 to 13.1 million) once tuition, the IRCC living-expense minimum, and permit fees are added together.
Flights, health insurance, books, and deposits come on top, and your real number depends on the program, institution and city you choose.
That range is a working example, not a quote. It pairs an example college diploma fee with the national average for a university bachelor’s degree, then adds the official funds IRCC asks you to show and the permit fees. If you are looking at study in Canada for Pakistani students 2026, keep two numbers apart: the upfront cost of getting through year one (tuition, proof of funds, permit fees, flights, deposits) and the ongoing annual cost that repeats every year (tuition, rent, food, transport, insurance).
Currency note: IRCC amounts are official only in Canadian dollars (CAD). PKR figures here use a round PKR 200 per CAD, based on mid-market rates on 21 September 2026 (roughly PKR 198 to 201 through September). Rates move daily and banks add a margin, so treat every PKR figure as approximate.
Table of Contents
- How Much Does It Cost to Study in Canada for Pakistani Students in 2026?
- Tuition Fees in Canada for Pakistani Students 2026
- Cost of Living in Canada for Pakistani Students
- Accommodation Cost for International Students in Canada
- Canada Study Visa Cost for Pakistani Students 2026
- Canada Study Visa Cost in PKR 2026
- How Much Bank Statement Is Required for Canada Study Visa Pakistan?
- GIC for Canada: Is It Still Required in 2026?
- SDS vs Non-SDS Canada Study Visa
- PAL/TAL and Other 2026 Study Permit Requirements
- IELTS Requirement for Canada Study Visa
- Health Insurance Cost for International Students in Canada
- Canada Scholarships for Pakistani Students
- Part-Time Work Rules for International Students in Canada 2026
- Can Part-Time Work Cover the Cost of Studying in Canada?
- Total Cost of Studying in Canada: First-Year Breakdown
- Cost of Studying in Canada by City
- Cost of Studying in Canada: Bachelor’s vs Master’s
- Study in Canada From Pakistan Cost Breakdown
- Step-by-Step Guide to Study in Canada From Pakistan 2026
- Documents Required for Canada Study Visa From Pakistan
- Canada Study Visa Processing Time From Pakistan
- Is the Canada Study Visa Hard to Get From Pakistan?
- Canada Study Visa Success Rate for Pakistani Students
- Pros and Cons of Studying in Canada for Pakistanis
- Study in Canada From Pakistan Without an Agent
- Canada Study Visa Consultants in Pakistan
- Frequently Asked Questions
- How much does it cost to study in Canada for Pakistani students in 2026?
- What is the Canada study visa cost for Pakistani students?
- How much bank statement is required for Canada study visa Pakistan?
- Is Canada expensive for Pakistani students?
- What are the documents required for a Canada study visa from Pakistan?
- How long does a Canada study visa take from Pakistan?
- Can Pakistani students work part-time while studying in Canada?
- Can I study in Canada from Pakistan without an agent?
- Final Thoughts on the Cost of Studying in Canada for Pakistani Students in 2026
How Much Does It Cost to Study in Canada for Pakistani Students in 2026?
Plan for tuition, at least CAD 23,448 in proven living funds, CAD 235 in study permit and biometrics fees, and separate budgets for health insurance, flights and setting up. Here is the overview, with the source of each figure noted.
| Expense | Reference figure (CAD) | Notes |
| Tuition | University bachelor’s average 41,746; graduate average 24,028; college diploma about 16,000 to 25,000 | Statistics Canada 2025/26 averages and EduCanada. Varies by program and school. |
| Living expenses | 23,448 to show (single applicant, outside Quebec) | IRCC minimum for applications from 1 September 2026. Excludes tuition and travel. |
| Study permit fee | 150 | IRCC fee list. |
| Biometrics | 85 per person (170 family maximum) | Most applicants pay it. |
| Health insurance | About 75 to 120 a month; UHIP in Ontario is 948 for 2026-27 | Depends on province and school. Sometimes bundled into fees. |
| Accommodation | 500 to 2,000 a month | EduCanada estimate. Depends on city and housing type. |
| Airfare | Get quotes | No standard figure. IRCC expects you to account for transportation. |
| Other expenses | Varies | Books, phone, transit, medical exams, translations, and deposits. |
Tuition Fees in Canada for Pakistani Students 2026
Tuition is the biggest fixed cost, and averages hide a wide spread. Statistics Canada expects international undergraduates to pay about CAD 41,746 a year on average in 2025/26 and international graduate students about CAD 24,028.
| Study level | Average or range (CAD per year) | Approx. PKR | Notes |
| Bachelor’s (university) | 41,746 average | 8.35 million | National average across all subjects. |
| Master’s / graduate (university) | 24,028 average | 4.81 million | Professional programs often sit above the average. |
| College diploma | About 16,000 to 25,000 | 3.2 to 5.0 million | EduCanada says this includes mandatory fees and health insurance, not books. |
Bachelor’s degree
The cost of a bachelor’s degree in Canada shifts with the school, province and subject. Engineering, computer science and other high-demand programs commonly cost more than arts or general science. Public and private institutions also price differently, so check each school’s international fee page instead of relying on an average. You can browse Canadian university options on Edwise to start a shortlist.
Master’s degree
The cost of an MS in Canada for Pakistani students is lower on average than an undergraduate degree, and programs are shorter. MBA, engineering, computer science, business and health-related programs vary a lot, and professional degrees can be well above the graduate average. Read the program’s fee schedule, including compulsory fees.
College and diploma programs
Colleges usually charge less than universities, and many include a work placement. Program length changes the total, since a few months costs far less than a three-year advanced diploma.
Cost of Living in Canada for Pakistani Students
The cost of living in Canada for Pakistani students is mostly rent, then food, transport, and phone or internet. EduCanada, the Government of Canada’s study site, gives these monthly estimates.
| Item | Estimate (CAD per month) |
| Housing | 500 to 2,000 |
| Food and groceries | 240 to 480 |
| Utilities | 100 or more |
| Transportation pass | 80 to 156 |
| Health insurance | 75 to 120 |
The IRCC minimum of CAD 23,448 works out to about CAD 1,954 a month. That is a number to show on paper, not a promise it will cover you in an expensive city. Add books, clothing, winter gear and an emergency reserve on top.
Accommodation Cost for International Students in Canada
Housing is usually the largest variable. On-campus residence is convenient and sometimes must be paid for the whole year up front. Shared accommodation is usually the cheapest way to rent off campus. A private room costs more, a full apartment more again, and a homestay bundles a room with meals. Ask what utilities, internet and furnishings are included before you compare prices.
Location changes everything. Toronto and Vancouver sit at the expensive end, while Winnipeg, Edmonton and Calgary are often more manageable, and many other cities not covered here can be cheaper still. The city table below shows current asking rents.
Canada Study Visa Cost for Pakistani Students 2026
Canada issues a study permit, which is the document that lets you study; a visitor visa is issued alongside it when you need one to travel. The core canada student visa fees from Pakistan are CAD 150 for the permit and CAD 85 for biometrics. Our guide to study permit vs student visa explains the terms. If a visitor visa is needed, IRCC issues it with an approved permit and you do not pay a separate fee for it.
| Cost item | Amount | Approx. PKR | Notes |
| Study permit application fee | CAD 150 | 30,000 | Official. Per person. See the IRCC fee list. |
| Biometrics | CAD 85 per person, CAD 170 per family | 17,000 per person | Official. Fingerprints and photo at a Visa Application Centre. |
| Medical examination | Varies | Varies | Paid to an IRCC panel physician if your checklist asks for one. |
| Police certificate | Varies | Varies | Only if IRCC requests it. |
| Translation and courier | Varies | Varies | Needed if documents are not in English or French. |
| Visa Application Centre service charge | Varies | Varies | Set by the service provider, not IRCC. |
Canada Study Visa Cost in PKR 2026
At the working rate of PKR 200 per CAD, the two official fees come to about PKR 47,000 (CAD 235). The full proof-of-funds figure for living expenses, CAD 23,448, is roughly PKR 4.69 million. Those conversions will change with the exchange rate on the day you pay, so check a live rate before transferring money, and remember that a canada study visa cost in PKR 2026 quoted on any website is only a snapshot.
How Much Bank Statement Is Required for Canada Study Visa Pakistan?
IRCC does not set a single bank-statement amount. A single applicant outside Quebec applying on or after 1 September 2026 must show CAD 23,448 for living costs, plus first-year tuition, plus return transportation. In rupees, the living-cost portion alone is about PKR 4.69 million.
Think of it as three separate pots:
- Tuition: first-year tuition, as shown in your Letter of Acceptance or fee receipt.
- Living expenses: CAD 23,448 for one person, rising with each accompanying family member. Check IRCC’s proof of financial support page for the chart that matches your family size.
- Transportation: return travel for you and any family members.
Example: with first-year tuition of CAD 20,000, you would show CAD 20,000 plus CAD 23,448, which is CAD 43,448, plus your flight cost. Quebec sets its own financial requirements through its Certificat d’acceptation du Québec (CAQ) process.
The amount is only half the picture. IRCC also wants to see where the money came from, that it is genuinely available to you, and how you will pay for the full length of your program, not just year one. A large, recent deposit with no explanation raises questions, so keep the paper trail that shows the source: salary records, business documents, property or savings history, or a sponsor’s statements and a signed support letter. Sponsor funds, an education loan, a paid-tuition receipt or a GIC can all form part of the evidence. The exact list appears on your personalised IRCC checklist.
GIC for Canada: Is It Still Required in 2026?
No. A Guaranteed Investment Certificate (GIC) is not required for a Canada study permit in 2026. A GIC is a term deposit held at a participating Canadian bank; the student pays into it before arrival and receives the money in instalments once in Canada. It became familiar because the Student Direct Stream (SDS) made it compulsory for faster processing.
SDS is closed, and no GIC is needed to qualify under the regular process. A GIC remains one accepted way to show funds, alongside bank statements, education loans and sponsor documents. It suits some families because the money is held in Canada, but it is a choice, not a rule. Compare bank fees and release terms before buying one.
SDS vs Non-SDS Canada Study Visa
The SDS vs non-SDS distinction is now history. IRCC ended the Student Direct Stream for applications received on or after 8 November 2024, and it is no longer an available stream. Every applicant from Pakistan now applies through the regular study permit process.
What that means in practice: no SDS-specific documents, no compulsory GIC, and no expedited SDS service standard. If a blog, video or agent still describes SDS as an active route in 2026, treat that source as out of date.
PAL/TAL and Other 2026 Study Permit Requirements
Most college and undergraduate applicants need a Provincial Attestation Letter (PAL), or a Territorial Attestation Letter (TAL) in the territories, and it must go in with the study permit application; it cannot be supplied later. The requirement comes from the national cap on study permit applications that IRCC set for 2026.
Exemptions exist. For 2026 they include:
- Master’s and doctoral students at public designated learning institutions, for applications submitted on or after 1 January 2026;
- primary and secondary (K-12) students;
- students extending a permit at the same institution and level;
- exchange students, and certain government-designated priority groups.
Graduate diplomas and certificates are treated differently from master’s degrees, so confirm with the institution. Your school issues or explains the PAL, and IRCC makes the final decision on who needs one.
IELTS Requirement for Canada Study Visa
IELTS is not a universal requirement for a Canadian study permit. Three things get mixed up:
- Admission language rules: set by each university or college.
- Immigration rules: IRCC asks for evidence that you can meet the admission conditions, not for one specific test.
- Program-specific scores: competitive programs may ask for higher scores.
Many institutions accept IELTS Academic, TOEFL, PTE Academic or Duolingo, but each sets its own accepted tests and minimums. Check the program page before booking. If you need preparation, see IELTS registration and classes in Karachi.
Health Insurance Cost for International Students in Canada
Health care in Canada is run by each province and territory, and whether an international student is covered depends on where they study. Where the province does not cover students, the school offers a plan, and full-time fees at some schools already include insurance.
Ontario is a clear example. Participating universities enroll international students in UHIP, and for 2026-27 York University lists the single-student premium at CAD 948 (September 2026 to August 2027), up from CAD 792 the year before. That is one province and one plan, so do not treat it as a national price. EduCanada’s general planning estimate is CAD 75 to 120 a month.
Canada Scholarships for Pakistani Students
Scholarships can reduce tuition, but none is guaranteed. Sources include university entrance scholarships, merit awards, program-specific awards, and external funders. EduCanada has a scholarship search tool, and your institution’s awards page is the most reliable place to check.
Eligibility usually turns on grades, the level of study, the intake, and the deadline. The University of Toronto’s Lester B. Pearson International Scholarship shows how selective some are: it is for first-entry undergraduates, needs a nomination from your school and an admission application by the stated deadline, and covers tuition, books, incidental fees, and residence for four years for the few who win it. U of T has also warned about fraudulent emails offering scholarship help, so only trust the official site.
Part-Time Work Rules for International Students in Canada 2026
Eligible international students can work off campus up to 24 hours a week while classes are in session and full-time during scheduled breaks. Older permits may still say 20 hours, but IRCC says you can work up to 24 if you meet the eligibility conditions.
- Eligibility: a valid study permit, full-time enrollment at a designated learning institution, and a program that qualifies. Check the conditions on your own permit.
- Hours: the 24-hour limit covers all employers combined, not each job.
- Breaks: unlimited hours only during scheduled breaks such as winter break or summer, when you meet the conditions.
- SIN: you need a Social Insurance Number to start work.
- Breaking the rules: working over the limit violates your permit conditions and can cost you your status.
Do not use expected part-time income as your proof of funds. IRCC asks you to show the money without relying on work in Canada.
Can Part-Time Work Cover the Cost of Studying in Canada?
Rarely all of it. Part-time work can help with day-to-day costs, but it will not cover tuition of CAD 20,000 to 42,000 a year, and it may not cover everything else either. Income depends on your wage, hours, location, job availability, taxes and your class schedule.
An illustration only: at an assumed CAD 17 an hour, 24 hours a week is CAD 408 gross a week, or about CAD 1,770 a month before tax if you worked every week, which is unlikely during exams. Compare that with a shared room asking for rent of roughly CAD 776 to 1,187 in the big cities we track. Plan your finances as if part-time earnings are a bonus.
Total Cost of Studying in Canada: First-Year Breakdown
This table separates official amounts from estimates. The three columns are examples built from published averages, not a quote for any school.
| Cost category (CAD) | College diploma (example) | Master’s (average) | Bachelor’s (average) | Type |
| Tuition | 20,000 | 24,028 | 41,746 | Estimate. Institution-specific. |
| Living funds (accommodation, food, transport) | 23,448 | 23,448 | 23,448 | Official IRCC minimum to show |
| Study permit | 150 | 150 | 150 | Official |
| Biometrics | 85 | 85 | 85 | Official |
| Subtotal of figures above | 43,683 | 47,711 | 65,429 | |
| Approx. PKR at 200 per CAD | 8.74 million | 9.54 million | 13.09 million | Approximate |
| Health insurance | Included in some college fees; UHIP is CAD 948 in Ontario for 2026-27. Check your school. | Variable | ||
| Airfare | Get quotes for your route and season. Not included in the subtotal. | Variable | ||
| Books and supplies | Set by program. Not included in the subtotal. | Variable | ||
| Other one-time costs | Medical exam, translations, housing deposit, winter clothing. | Variable | ||
The college figure of CAD 20,000 is an illustration within the 16,000 to 25,000 range on EduCanada. The living-funds row is what you prove to IRCC, and it already covers rent and food, so do not add housing on top of it.
Cost of Studying in Canada by City
These are asking rents from Rentals.ca’s September 2026 report, which covers August 2026 listings. Shared-room data covers only British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, and Quebec, and rents exclude utilities.
| City | Shared room (CAD/month) | Average apartment or condo (CAD/month) | Affordability consideration |
| Toronto | 1,187 | 2,570 | Largest job market; highest shared-room rent of the six with data. |
| Vancouver | 1,130 | 2,704 | Most expensive whole-unit rent in this list. |
| Montreal | 838 | 1,955 | Lower rent, but Quebec has its own CAQ and financial rules. |
| Calgary | 807 | 1,825 | Mid-range rent for a large city. |
| Ottawa | 1,055 | 2,168 | Mid-to-high rent. |
| Edmonton | 776 | 1,520 | Lowest rents among the six. |
| Winnipeg | Not available | 1-bedroom about 1,463 (July 2026) | Often lower cost; heating bills in winter. |
Winnipeg is shown as a one-bedroom price because a comparable average was not available. Your lifestyle, roommates, and distance from campus can swing the real total by hundreds of dollars a month.
Cost of Studying in Canada: Bachelor’s vs Master’s
| Factor | Bachelor’s | Master’s |
| Program length | Commonly about four years at a university | Often one to two years |
| Tuition (national average) | CAD 41,746 a year | CAD 24,028 a year |
| Living funds to show (IRCC) | CAD 23,448 for the first year | CAD 23,448 for the first year |
| Scholarship opportunities | Entrance awards, e.g. U of T’s Pearson (very competitive) | Varies by program; check the department and funding pages |
| PAL/TAL | Required for most applicants | Not required at public institutions from 1 January 2026 |
| Overall budget | Tuition alone is about CAD 167,000 over four years at today’s average | Tuition alone is about CAD 48,000 over two years at today’s average |
The overall budget figures are simple multiplication of the national averages, before annual tuition increases, so they understate what some programs will cost.
Study in Canada From Pakistan Cost Breakdown
A practical cost checklist, in the order the bills usually arrive:
Before admission
- English test fee (IELTS, TOEFL, PTE or Duolingo, depending on the school)
- Application fees at each institution
- Document preparation, transcripts and any credential evaluation the school requires
After admission
- Tuition deposit
- PAL/TAL, arranged through your institution where needed
- Study permit (CAD 150) and biometrics (CAD 85)
- Medical exam, if your checklist requires it
- Financial documents and any translation costs
Before departure
- Flight
- Accommodation deposit
- Health insurance, which is not already included in fees
- Initial living funds for the first weeks
Step-by-Step Guide to Study in Canada From Pakistan 2026
- Choose your program and level of study.
- Research institutions, costs and cities.
- Check each school’s admission requirements.
- Take the language test the school accepts.
- Apply to the institution.
- Receive your Letter of Acceptance.
- Get a PAL/TAL if your category needs one.
- Prepare your proof of funds and funding plan.
- Apply for the study permit through IRCC.
- Complete biometrics and any medical requirement.
- Wait for the decision and respond quickly to any request.
- Prepare for travel: flight, housing, insurance and arrival funds.
Rules change, so confirm each step on IRCC’s site before you act. Our study abroad application process guide covers the wider journey.
Documents Required for Canada Study Visa From Pakistan
IRCC builds a personalised document checklist when you start your online application, so your list may differ from someone else’s. Typical items include:
- a valid passport;
- Letter of Acceptance from a designated learning institution;
- PAL/TAL where required;
- proof of funds and your plan for the full program;
- academic transcripts and certificates;
- language test results where applicable;
- study plan or letter of explanation, where requested;
- biometrics and, where required, a medical examination;
- anything else on your IRCC checklist.
Edwise has a useful list of documents to prepare for studying abroad and a guide on how to write a winning statement of purpose.
Canada Study Visa Processing Time From Pakistan
There is no fixed processing time. IRCC updates its estimates weekly, and Pakistan-based study permit estimates have swung a lot during 2026, from roughly 3.5 months in February to about 11 weeks by late July, according to news and law-firm summaries of IRCC data. These are estimates, not guarantees.
Completeness, biometrics, medicals, extra document requests and security checks can all add time. Use IRCC’s official processing times tool before you apply, and submit well before your program starts.
Is the Canada Study Visa Hard to Get From Pakistan?
It depends on the file, so a yes or no would mislead you. Officers look at whether the application is complete and consistent and whether the person is a genuine student. Since December 2023, IRCC has checked Letters of Acceptance directly with institutions.
- Admission eligibility and a verifiable Letter of Acceptance
- Financial capacity and a credible source of funds
- A clear reason for choosing this program and this school
- Academic background and how the program fits it
- Documents that are complete and consistent across forms
- Immigration history, where relevant
No one can guarantee approval. Our post on common mistakes that get student visas rejected lists avoidable errors.
Canada Study Visa Success Rate for Pakistani Students
We are not giving a Pakistan-specific approval rate, because a reliable, current figure from an official source is not available to cite. Numbers on blogs vary widely and often do not say what period, application type, or method they use.
What can be reported: IRCC told a House of Commons committee on 4 December 2025 that approval of new study permits, all countries combined, was 41% from January to September 2025, down from 51% in the same period of 2024, with extensions at 93%. That is a global average for a past period, and it says little about any individual applicant from Pakistan.
Pros and Cons of Studying in Canada for Pakistanis
Potential advantages
- Internationally recognized institutions and a wide choice of programs
- A multicultural environment
- Work rights during study, within current rules
- Co-op and research options at many schools
Potential challenges
- High tuition, especially at the undergraduate level
- Housing and living costs, especially in the largest cities
- Financial pressure if funding is thin
- Winters and distance from family
- Immigration policy that changes often, including caps and funding thresholds
Study in Canada From Pakistan Without an Agent
Yes, you can. You can research institutions, apply directly, and submit your study permit application online through IRCC. The cost of applying from Pakistan without an agent is the official CAD 150 and CAD 85 plus your medical, translation, and courier costs, with no consultancy charge.
Use official channels: the institution’s website, your IRCC account, and EduCanada. Prepare your documents early, be honest and consistent, and be wary of anyone promising guaranteed approval, a hidden fast track, or a scholarship you did not apply for.
If you want professional guidance for studying in Canada, you can also explore Edwise’s Study in Canada services to learn about programs, applications, and the admission process: Study in Canada with Edwise
If you pay someone to advise or represent you before IRCC, ask for their license details and verify them independently. Professional help can be useful for shortlisting programs, preparing a study plan, or reviewing documents, but it never guarantees an outcome.
Canada Study Visa Consultants in Pakistan
Edwise Education is a Karachi-based consultancy that says it has been operating since 2009. According to its Study in Canada, its Canada services include university and course selection, IELTS and test preparation guidance, scholarship and financial-aid guidance, study visa guidance covering proof of funds, statement of purpose and medical requirements, and pre-departure and post-arrival support. Its services page covers other destinations, and the first consultation is offered free.
Whichever consultancy you consider, ask what is included in the fee, get it in writing, and treat any promise of a guaranteed visa or admission as a warning sign. If you are comparing options, this guide on choosing a trusted consultant may help.
Frequently Asked Questions
How much does it cost to study in Canada for Pakistani students in 2026?
Expect roughly CAD 44,000 to 65,000 for the first year, including tuition, the IRCC living-funds minimum, and permit fees, before flights, books, and insurance. Tuition ranges from about CAD 16,000 to 25,000 for colleges to a national average of CAD 41,746 for university undergraduates.
What is the Canada study visa cost for Pakistani students?
The government fees are CAD 150 for the study permit and CAD 85 for biometrics, for a total of about CAD 235 or roughly PKR 47,000. Medical exams, translations, courier and Visa Application Centre charges are extra and vary.
How much bank statement is required for Canada study visa Pakistan?
IRCC sets no single figure. For applications from 1 September 2026, a single applicant outside Quebec must show CAD 23,448 for living costs plus first-year tuition and return travel, and explain the source of funds and how the full program will be paid for.
Is Canada expensive for Pakistani students?
It can be, mainly because of tuition and rent in large cities. Costs are lower at colleges, in smaller cities and with scholarships, so compare the total cost per year for each option rather than judging Canada as a whole.
What are the documents required for a Canada study visa from Pakistan?
Typically a passport, Letter of Acceptance, PAL/TAL if needed, proof of funds, academic records, language results where applicable, a study plan if requested, biometrics and a medical exam where required. IRCC’s personalised checklist is the authority for your case.
How long does a Canada study visa take from Pakistan?
It varies week to week. IRCC publishes an estimate for Pakistan-based study permit applications, and it has moved by weeks during 2026. Check the official tool before you apply, and allow extra time for biometrics and medicals.
Can Pakistani students work part-time while studying in Canada?
Eligible students can work off campus up to 24 hours a week during classes and full-time during scheduled breaks. You need a Social Insurance Number, and working beyond the limit breaches your study permit conditions.
Can I study in Canada from Pakistan without an agent?
Yes. You can apply to institutions and submit your study permit application yourself through IRCC. If you use a consultant for guidance, no one can guarantee visa approval.
Final Thoughts on the Cost of Studying in Canada for Pakistani Students in 2026
The cost of studying in Canada for Pakistani students in 2026 is manageable when you build the budget from verified numbers: tuition from the school’s own fee page, CAD 23,448 in living funds, CAD 235 in government fees, and honest estimates for everything else. Do that for two or three shortlisted options and the choice usually becomes clearer.